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Xirong () or Rong were various ancient people who inhabited primarily in and around the extremities of ancient Huaxia known as early as the Shang dynasty 1765-1122 BCE, they were typically to the west of the later Zhou state (such as Gansu, etc.) from the Zhou Dynasty (1046 – 221 BCE) onwards.〔http://orbat.com/site/history/volume4/442/zhou%20dynasty/zhou%20dynasty_1.html〕〔http://www.imperialchina.org/Huns.html〕 They were mentioned in some ancient Chinese texts as perhaps related to the people of the Chinese civilization.〔http://www.imperialchina.org/Huns.html〕〔Nicola Di Cosmo, ''Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History ,''Cambridge University Press, 2004 pp.108-112.〕 ==Etymology== The historian Li Feng says that during the Western Zhou period, since the term ''Rong'' "warlike foreigners" was "often used in bronze inscriptions to mean 'warfare', it is likely that when a people was called 'Rong' the Zhou considered them as political and military adversaries rather than as cultural and ethnic 'others'."〔Li, Feng (2006), ''(Landscape And Power In Early China )'', Cambridge University Press, p. 286.〕 After the Zhou Dynasty, the term usually referred to various peoples in the west during early and late medieval times. Prusek suggests relations between the Rong of Zhou and the Ren () tribes known in Shang.〔Prusek, Jaroslav. ''Chinese Statelets and the Northern Barbarians in the period 1400-300 BC''. New York, 1971. p.38〕 Xirong was also the name of a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history. The Xirong together with the eastern Dongyi, northern Beidi, and southern Nanman were collectively called the ''Siyi'' 四夷 "Four Barbarians". The ''Liji'' "Record of Rites" details ancient stereotypes about them. The people of those five regions – the Middle states, and the (), (), (and other wild tribes round them) – had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on the east were called (). They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned in towards each other. Some of them (also) ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the west were called (). They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on the north were called (). They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. Some of them also did not eat grain-food. The people of the Middle states, and of those (), Man, (), and (), all had their dwellings, where they lived at ease; their flavours which they preferred; the clothes suitable for them; their proper implements for use; and their vessels which they prepared in abundance. In those five regions, the languages of the people were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers) – in the east, called transmitters; in the south, representationists; in the west, (); and in the north, interpreters.〔Wangzhi chap., tr. James Legge (1879), ''The Li Ki'', Clarendon Press, vol.1, pp. 229-230.〕 Spade-foot three-legged pottery vessels as well as one and two handled pots were primary cultural characteristics of the Xirong. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Xirong」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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